Fertility Conditions

Receiving a diagnosis that affects your fertility can feel overwhelming. Suddenly you're faced with medical terms, treatment options, and uncertainty about what it all means for your future. This guide explains the most common conditions clearly and honestly-understanding your diagnosis is the first step toward taking control.

Why Fertility Challenges Happen

Before we dive into specific conditions, let's address something important: fertility challenges are not your fault.

Many people, when struggling to conceive, wonder what they did wrong. The answer, in most cases, is nothing. Fertility problems arise from biology-genetics, anatomy, hormones, environmental factors-not from personal failings.

About 1 in 6 couples experience difficulty conceiving. In roughly:

• One-third of cases, the issue is primarily female
• One-third of cases, the issue is primarily male
• One-third of cases, it's a combination of both partners or unexplained

This isn't about blame. It's about understanding what's happening so you can find the best path forward.

PCOS: The Most Common, Often Misunderstood

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common hormonal disorder affecting women of reproductive age. In the UAE and broader Middle East region, prevalence is particularly high-estimated at 25-30% of women, compared to 8-15% globally.

What PCOS Actually Is

Despite its name, PCOS isn't primarily about ovarian cysts. The "cysts" seen on ultrasound are actually immature follicles-eggs that started developing but didn't mature and ovulate.

PCOS is characterized by:

Irregular or absent ovulation: Without regular ovulation, pregnancy becomes difficult to achieve.

Higher levels of androgens: Male hormones like testosterone, which can cause symptoms like acne, excess hair growth, and hair thinning.

Polycystic-appearing ovaries: Many small follicles visible on ultrasound.

How PCOS Affects Fertility

The primary way PCOS impacts fertility is through irregular or absent ovulation. If you're not releasing eggs, pregnancy can't happen naturally.

Treatment Paths for PCOS

Lifestyle modifications: For women with PCOS, especially those who are overweight, weight loss of even 5-10% can restore ovulation in some cases.

Ovulation induction: Medications like letrozole or clomiphene can stimulate ovulation.

Insulin-sensitizing medications: Metformin can help some women, particularly those with insulin resistance.

IVF: If simpler treatments don't work, IVF is very effective for PCOS.

Endometriosis: More Than Painful Periods

Endometriosis occurs when tissue similar to the uterine lining (endometrium) grows outside the uterus-on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, pelvic lining, and sometimes beyond.

Understanding the Condition

Each month, this tissue responds to hormones just like the uterine lining-it thickens, breaks down, and bleeds. But unlike the uterine lining, this blood has no way to exit the body. The result is inflammation, pain, and the formation of scar tissue.

Endometriosis affects an estimated 10% of women of reproductive age. It's often underdiagnosed because symptoms are dismissed as "normal" period pain.

Symptoms to Watch For

• Painful periods (dysmenorrhea)-often severe
• Pain during or after intercourse
• Pain with bowel movements or urination
• Chronic pelvic pain
• Heavy periods
• Difficulty conceiving

How Endometriosis Affects Fertility

Anatomical distortion: Scar tissue can block fallopian tubes or change pelvic anatomy.

Ovarian damage: Endometriomas (cysts) can damage ovarian tissue and reduce egg quality.

Inflammatory environment: May be toxic to eggs, sperm, or embryos.

Treatment Approaches

Surgery: Removing endometriosis can improve natural conception rates for some women.

IVF: For moderate to severe endometriosis, IVF may offer the best chances, bypassing blocked tubes and optimizing egg retrieval.

Ovulation Disorders

About 25% of female infertility is related to ovulation problems. If you're not ovulating, pregnancy simply can't happen naturally.

Signs of Ovulation Issues

• Irregular menstrual cycles (shorter than 21 days or longer than 35 days)
• Very unpredictable cycle length
• Absent periods (amenorrhea)

Causes

PCOS: The most common cause.

Hypothalamic dysfunction: Stress, extreme weight changes, or excessive exercise can disrupt hormonal signaling.

Premature ovarian insufficiency: Ovaries stop functioning normally before age 40.

Thyroid disorders: Both overactive and underactive thyroid can affect ovulation.

Tubal Factors: When Tubes Are Blocked

The fallopian tubes are where fertilization happens-sperm meets egg. If the tubes are blocked or damaged, sperm can't reach the egg.

Causes of Tubal Issues

• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): Often from untreated sexually transmitted infections
• Previous surgery: Can cause adhesions
• Endometriosis: Can cause scarring
• Previous ectopic pregnancy

Treatment Options

Surgery: For some tubal damage, surgery can restore function.

IVF: Bypasses the tubes entirely and is often the recommended path for significant tubal damage.

Diminished Ovarian Reserve

Your ovarian reserve refers to the number and quality of eggs remaining in your ovaries. All women have diminishing reserves as they age, but some experience this decline earlier or more rapidly than expected.

How It's Diagnosed

AMH (Anti-Müllerian Hormone): A blood test that indicates egg quantity.

Antral follicle count (AFC): Ultrasound counting small follicles visible on the ovaries.

FSH levels: Elevated FSH early in the cycle can indicate the body is working harder to stimulate the ovaries.

What It Means

Diminished reserve doesn't mean you can't conceive-it means you have fewer opportunities and less time. Don't delay if you want children.

Male Factor Infertility

Male factors contribute to about 40-50% of infertility cases. Yet male fertility often receives less attention due to stigma. This is changing.

Common Male Factor Diagnoses

Low sperm count (oligospermia): Fewer than 15 million sperm per milliliter.

Poor motility (asthenospermia): Sperm that don't swim well can't reach the egg.

Abnormal morphology (teratospermia): Sperm with abnormal shapes may not fertilize eggs effectively.

Azoospermia: No sperm in the ejaculate.

Causes

• Varicocele: Enlarged veins in the scrotum-present in about 40% of men with fertility problems
• Hormonal imbalances
• Genetic factors
• Previous infections
• Lifestyle factors: Smoking, excessive alcohol, obesity, heat exposure

Treatment Approaches

Lifestyle modifications: Weight loss, quitting smoking, reducing alcohol.

Surgery: Varicocele repair or surgical sperm retrieval.

IUI: Can help with mild male factor by concentrating the best sperm.

IVF with ICSI: For severe male factor, a single sperm is injected directly into each egg.

Unexplained Infertility

About 15-30% of couples receive a diagnosis of "unexplained infertility." This can be frustrating-something is clearly not working, but tests don't reveal why.

What It Means

It doesn't mean nothing is wrong. It means current testing can't identify the issue. The problem may involve egg quality, subtle sperm function problems, fertilization issues, or factors we don't yet know how to test for.

The Good News

Couples with unexplained infertility often have reasonable success rates with treatment-sometimes even without treatment if given enough time.

Treatment Approaches

Expectant management: Younger couples may conceive on their own given more time.

IUI with ovulation induction: Improving odds even when we don't know the specific issue.

IVF: Bypasses many potential barriers.

Recurrent Pregnancy Loss

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is defined as two or more pregnancy losses. It's devastating-you can conceive, but the pregnancies don't continue.

Possible Causes

• Chromosomal abnormalities in embryos: The most common cause
• Uterine abnormalities: Fibroids, polyps, or structural issues
• Blood clotting disorders
• Hormonal factors
• Autoimmune factors
• Unexplained: In about 50% of cases, no cause is identified

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on findings and may include surgical correction of uterine issues, blood thinning medication, hormonal support, or IVF with genetic testing (PGT-A).

Condition-Specific Treatment Paths

Moving Forward

A diagnosis is not a dead end-it's information. Information gives you options, helps you make decisions, and connects you with appropriate treatment.

Most conditions that affect fertility have treatment paths. Some are simpler than others. But very few conditions mean you absolutely cannot have a child.

Frequently Asked Questions

This content is for educational purposes only and should not replace professional medical advice. If you're experiencing fertility challenges, please consult with a qualified healthcare provider for personalized guidance.